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    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a sliding bearing element (1) comprising a running layer (4) of a first tin-based alloy having a strength index FI of at least 5 and at most 25 and a further layer (5) of a further tin-base alloy having a strength index FI of at least 0.3 and at most 3, which contain at least one element from a group comprising Cu, Ni, Ag, Sb, As, Pb, Bi, Te, Tl and / or non-metallic particles. The strength index of the overlay (4) is at least five times the strength index of the further layer (5), the strength index FI being defined by FI = 100 * ω∁ + 50 * ωS + 2 * √ (2 & (100 *) ωB), wherein C stands for Cu, Ni, Ag, S for Sb and / or non-metallic particles, B for Pb, Bi, Te, Tl, and w for the sum of the respective components of the tin base alloys assigned to the letters C, S and B. The further layer (5) has a layer thickness (15) between 5 × 10 -6 times to 50 × 10 -6 times the inside diameter of the bearing (16), and of at least 1.5 μm and at most 15 μm. The running layer (4) has a greater layer thickness than the further layer (5).
    公开号:AT516877A1
    申请号:T50128/2015
    申请日:2015-02-19
    公开日:2016-09-15
    发明作者:
    申请人:Miba Gleitlager Gmbh；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    The invention relates to a sliding bearing element, in particular a radial sliding bearing element, comprising in this order one above the other a supporting element which forms in particular a supporting layer, at least one running layer, at least one further layer, and optionally / preferably at least one bearing metal layer between the supporting element and the at least one running layer, wherein the at least one running layer of at least one first tin-based alloy and the at least one further layer of at least one further tin-based alloy are formed, wherein the first tin-based alloy and the further tin-based alloy at least one element from a group comprising Cu, Ni, Ag, Sb, As, Pb, Bi , Te, TI and / or non-metallic particles, and containing at least a first and the at least one further tin-based alloy beta-tin grains.
    The use of tin-based alloys as so-called running or sliding layers in slide bearings for the engine industry has long been known. For example, reference may be made to GB 566 360 A (Sn-Cu alloy with 75% to 99.75% Sn), DE 82 06 353 U1 (white metal with a maximum of 2% by weight Cu and optionally, small amounts of As, Ni, and Cd.), DE 197 28 777 C2 (3 wt .-% to 20 wt .-% copper, balance tin), DE 199 63 385 C1 (tin matrix with embedded Sn-Cu particles from 39 wt. % to 55% by weight of Cu and remainder Sn), AT 509 112 A1 and AT 509 111 A1 (tin-based alloy with up to 20% by weight of Sb, up to 10% by weight of Cu and up to a total of 1, 5 wt .-% Pb and Bi, wherein the sum of Sb and Cu is between 2 wt .-% and 22 wt .-% and the beta-tin grains have a certain orientation or a certain grain size) referenced.
    Tin or tin alloys for forming a so-called tin flash are further described in the prior art. For example, as described in US Pat. No. 6,000,853 A, this is a less than 1 μm thick protective layer on plain bearings, which serves as a surface protection against oxidation and improves the optical appearance of the sliding surface. The tin flash is removed from the shaft when the slide bearings are put into operation for the first time because it is too soft. A certain improvement of the run-in behavior can be achieved by the tin flash, but the actual run-in layer is the sliding layer below the tin flash which allows the geometrical adjustment of the friction partners. In contrast to this, US Pat. No. 6,000,853 A describes an approximately 5 μm thick functional layer of pure tin. This functional layer is arranged on a lead-based alloy. As a result, forms at the contact surface eutectic alloy with a correspondingly greatly reduced temperature resistance. In addition, the direct contact with a lead material may lead to interdiffusion of lead.
    DE 100 54 461 C2 describes a multilayer plain bearing with a covering layer of a tin-base alloy with reinforcing metals and / or inorganic particles, the content being relatively high in a thickness-related middle region and zero or less in the surface region than in the middle.
    As a rule, the multilayer plain bearings formed from the tin-based alloys satisfactorily fulfill the tasks imposed on them. For some specific applications, such as High-speed engines (about 1000 rpm to 3000 rpm), for example truck engines, gas engines, engines for mining and marine applications, as well as for medium-speed engines (about 300 rpm to 1000 rpm), for example in Ship and power plant applications, ie usually highly loaded radial plain bearings, are used due to the high loads on the radially inner surface reinforced surface coatings. As a rule, the surface state before coating on the coated surface is formed. Feinbohr- or Räumriefen cause a ripple of the surface in the radial or axial direction. This waviness leads, in particular in a reinforced surface coating to a loading start of operation extremely high local load. Due to the unevenness of the surface, the wave is mainly stored by the Riefenspitzen, mediated by an extremely thin under certain circumstances even tearing oil film. At the same time, the high wear resistance of reinforced coatings means that the desired adaptation of the bearing surface to the shaft (adaptation wear) occurs too slowly or only to an insufficient extent. In this extended period of conforming wear, the surface coating may overburden irreversibly in the form of fatigue, cracks and / or breakouts due to the incomplete support portion.
    The object of the present invention is to reduce or avoid local overloading of the overlay during the running-in phase of a highly loaded radial plain bearing.
    A highly loaded radial plain bearing is in particular a radial plain bearing, which is used in high-speed and medium-speed motors (corresponding to the preceding versions).
    The object of the invention is achieved in the sliding bearing element mentioned above in that the at least one first tin-base alloy has a strength index Fl of at least 5 and at most 25 and the at least one further tin-base alloy has a strength index Fl of at least 0.3 and at most 3, the strength index of Running layer is at least five times the strength index of at least one, arranged directly on the running layer further layer, wherein the strength index Fl is defined by the equation
    wherein C represents at least one of Cu, Ni, Ag, S for Sb and / or As and / or non-metallic particles, B for at least one of Pb, Bi, Te, TI, and co for the sum of the letters C, respectively , S and B associated components of tin-base alloys stand.
    The advantage here is that the less firm cover layer from the at least one further tin-based alloy wears quickly during the inlet. In this case, however, abraded particles are not or not completely discharged with the lubricating oil, but it is due to the higher ductility of this soft layer, a leveling of the waviness of the surface of the overlay. The underlying layer with the higher strength index acts to support the at least one further layer. In addition, this layer structure has the advantage that, after the running-in of the plain bearing element in the valleys of the surface of the at least one running layer resulting from the mechanical processing, the at least one further layer with the lower strength index at least partially remains intact. This thus acts in the normal operation of the sliding bearing element in its tribological behavior, in particular with regard to the embedding of foreign particles or the lubricating behavior of the sliding bearing element. In this case, a support effect for the at least one further tin-base alloy in the valleys is achieved by the elevations of the waviness of the at least one running layer. In addition, the cover layer also improves the adaptation of the bearing surface to the journal over a large area. This need for adaptation results from deviations of the surface geometry of the pin, blind hole and bearing shape (e.g., roundness, taper, alignment of the bodies to each other). These deviations naturally increase with the size of the components. The "tin flash" known from the prior art can not adequately meet these requirements because it rubs off rapidly in the running-in phase.
    According to one embodiment of the sliding bearing element can be provided that the at least one further layer is arranged at least also on a Gleitlagerelementrücken. Particularly preferably, the at least one further layer envelops the remaining layers of the sliding bearing element. It is thus possible to provide both the Gleitlagerelementrücken and the radially inner surface of the at least one overlay with the at least one further Zinnbasislegierung in a single process step, wherein the at least one further Zinnbasislegierung on the radially inner surface causes the effects mentioned above, on the Gleitlagerelementrücken but at the same time as
    Corrosion protection can be used. By the simultaneous deposition on the front and the back of the sliding bearing element so that a corresponding time savings in the production of the sliding bearing element can be achieved. The same applies to the embodiment variant in which the at least one further layer completely envelopes the further layers, so that therefore the at least one further layer is deposited on the end faces in the axial direction. In this case, however, the at least one further layer can also act as an axial sliding surface.
    According to another, preferred embodiment variant of the plain bearing element it can be provided that the at least one further layer has a layer thickness at least in the region of a radially inner surface which is selected from a range of at least 5 * 10'6 of a bearing internal diameter to 50 * 10'6 of a Inner diameter of the bearing, wherein the layer thickness of the at least one further layer is at least 1.5 pm and at most 15 pm. It is thus taken into account with this embodiment in determining the layer thickness of the at least one further layer within the specified absolute limits of the bearing inner diameter and subsequently thus also the bearing clearance. In conjunction with the layer structure of the at least two different tin-based alloys so that the tearing of the lubricant film can be better prevented, whereby damage to the sliding bearing element during the break-in phase can be effectively prevented.
    According to further embodiments, it may be provided that the layer thickness of the at least one further layer in the region of the radially inner surface is greater than twice the arithmetic average Ra according to DIN EN ISO 4287: 2010 of this surface and / or that the layer thickness of the at least one further layer in the Area of the radially inner surface is smaller than twice the average surface roughness Rz according to DIN EN ISO 4287: 2010 of this surface. The layer thickness of the at least one further layer is preferably chosen such that both conditions apply. On the one hand, by taking into account Ra, the negative influence of the firmer running layer under the at least one further layer during the running-in phase can be further reduced, but on the other hand, by taking into account Rz, the at least one further layer still has a sufficient supporting effect through the at least one running layer ,
    The layer thickness of the at least one further layer on the slide bearing element back can amount to between 0.1 times and 0.5 times the layer thickness of the at least one further layer in the region of the radially inner surface. After the sliding bearing element is not to rotate in the bearing seat and the at least one further layer is arranged on Gleitlagerelementrücken between two hard materials, namely between the support layer of the sliding bearing element and the material of the bearing support, and also expected on Gleitlagerelementrücken only micro-movements between the bearing support and the sliding bearing element are, the layer thickness of the at least one further layer is preferably reduced on Gleitlagerelementrücken, since the at least one further layer on the Gleitlagerelementrücken should not be abraded. By reducing the layer thickness, the supporting effect of the support layer on the at least one further layer can be better emphasized. On the other hand, a corrosion protection for the sliding bearing element can be achieved by the at least one further layer on Gleitlagerelementrücken.
    According to a further embodiment, it may be provided that the layer thickness is 0.3 times to 5 times, in particular 1 times to 2 times, as large as the mean height of the dominant waviness profile WDc according to the measuring method according to VDA 2007 "Geometrical product specification, surface texture, definitions and Characteristics of the dominant ripple ".
    The tin-based alloys of the at least one overlay and the at least one further layer contain beta-tin grains as known per se. It is advantageous if the preferred orientation of the beta-tin grains in at least two adjoining layers of the at least one running layer and / or the at least one further layer is substantially the same, wherein preferably the two adjoining layers a running layer and another layer are. In this case, it is particularly preferred if the X-ray diffraction intensity of the further layer with the highest orientation index is also the X-ray diffraction intensity with the highest orientation index of the overlay or one of the three X-ray diffraction intensities of the overlay with the highest orientation indices, or if in particular also the X-ray diffraction intensities with the second and / or third highest index of orientation of the further layer is or are the X-ray diffraction intensities with the second and / or third highest orientation index of the overlay. X-ray diffraction intensities with an index of less than 1.5, in particular less than 2, are neglected as being too less aligned. It can thus improve the bonding strength of the two interconnected layers, since at the interface of the two adjacent layers, a kind of gearing effect was observed by the grains of one layer better fit into the "gaps" of the other layer.
    Preferably, the tin-based alloy contains at least one running layer between 0 wt .-% and 40 wt .-% antimony and / or between 0 wt .-% and 25 wt .-% copper, whereby the at least one overlay on the one hand a good embedding ability for foreign particles the abrasion and on the other hand has a correspondingly high strength.
    The tin-based alloy of the at least one further layer may contain between 0 wt% and 3 wt% copper and / or antimony and between 0.01 and 10 wt% bismuth and / or lead, thereby making the at least one further layer easier can be formed deformable. This in turn has a positive effect on the above-mentioned leveling effect of the undulation of the at least one running layer with the at least one further layer during the running-in phase of the sliding bearing element.
    It can be provided that the at least one further layer has only one grain layer of beta-tin grains, whereby the bonding strength of the at least one further layer in the valleys of the waviness of the surface of the at least one running layer can be improved.
    According to another embodiment, it is provided that the beta-tin grains in the at least one further layer have an average grain size between 10% and 90% of the layer thickness of the at least one further layer. By forming the beta-tin grains having an average grain size within this range, the matrix of the beta-tin grains can be made more easily deformable, so that the matrix per se has a small strength index. As a result, it is possible to alloy larger proportions of further elements, which in themselves increase the strength of the matrix, without leaving the range of the strength index of the at least one further layer, and in this way the tribological properties of the at least one further layer over the others To improve alloying elements.
    Preferably, the at least one further layer is electrodeposited, since the formation of a directed grain growth is thus better controllable. In addition, the above-mentioned at least two-sided, preferably completely enveloping, deposition of the at least one further layer can thus also be realized more easily.
    It may further be provided that the at least one further layer is arranged directly on the at least one running layer, whereby the above-mentioned effects with respect to the supporting portion of the sliding bearing element and the shortening of the running time and the improved load capacity of the sliding bearing element during the break-in period can be further improved.
    For a better understanding of the invention, this will be explained in more detail with reference to the following figures.
    Each shows in a simplified, schematic representation:
    Figure 1 is a radial slide bearing element in the form of a Flalbschale in side view.
    2 shows a roughness curve (left) with a bearing component curve (right);
    3 shows a detail of the sliding bearing element according to FIG. 1;
    4 shows a detail of a variant of a Gleitlagerele Mentes.
    5 shows the course of the quotient of the layer thickness of the further layer to Rz as a function of the carrying capacity of the plain bearing element;
    FIG. 6 shows the profile of the quotient of the layer thickness of the further layer relative to Ra as a function of the bearing capacity of the plain bearing element; FIG.
    7 shows the course of the quotient of the layer thickness of the further layer to WDc as a function of the carrying capacity of the plain bearing element.
    By way of introduction, it should be noted that in the differently described embodiments, the same parts are provided with the same reference numerals and the same component names, the disclosures contained throughout the description can be mutatis mutandis to the same parts with the same reference numerals or component names. Also, the location information chosen in the description, such as top, bottom, side, etc. related to the immediately described and illustrated figure and these position information in a change in position mutatis mutandis to transfer to the new location.
    In Fig. 1, a metallic sliding bearing element 1, in particular a radial sliding bearing element, shown in side view. This has a sliding bearing element body 2. The slide bearing element body 2 comprises in this order, a support layer 3, at least one bearing metal layer 3a arranged thereon, at least one running layer 4 arranged thereon and at least one further layer 5 (cover layer) arranged on the at least one running layer 4 or consists of the support layer 3, which at least a running layer 4 and the associated at least one further layer 5. The at least one further layer 5 is preferably arranged directly on the at least one running layer 4 and connected thereto.
    The term "at least one" in relation to the running layer 4 and the further layer 5 is intended to express that it is possible for the running layer 4 to consist of several individual layers of different composition and / or the other layer 5 of several individual layers of different composition can be constructed or can or from these several
    Single layers may or may consist. But it is also possible that the concentration of at least individual alloying elements in the overlay 4 and / or the further layer 5 decreases or increases continuously in the direction of the radially inner surface of the sliding bearing element 1. In all these cases, the composition of the overlay 4 and the further layer 5 in accordance with the following information on the general composition of the two layers according to Table 1 is to be understood to mean the average proportions of the individual alloying elements in the entire overlay 4 and the entire further layer 5 reproduces.
    It is also possible that the running layer 4 is arranged directly on a support element, which in particular forms the support layer 3, so that therefore a bearing metal layer 3a is dispensed with. This direct coating is used for example in connecting rods. The at least one further layer 5 is also arranged on the running layer 4 in this embodiment variant. Optionally, in this embodiment, a bonding layer and / or a diffusion barrier layer can be arranged between the support element and the at least one running layer 4.
    As indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 1, the sliding bearing element body 2 can also have additional layers, for example at least one intermediate layer 6, which is arranged between the at least one further layer 4 and the at least one running layer 3. The at least one intermediate layer 6 may, for example, be a diffusion barrier layer and / or at least one bonding layer.
    It is also possible that the at least one further layer 5 is not only arranged on a radially inner surface 7 of the at least one running layer 4, but that the at least one further layer 5 is also arranged on a Gleitlagerelementrücken 8, as also dashed lines in Fig 1 is indicated. According to a further embodiment variant, it can be provided that the at least one further layer 5 is arranged on at least approximately all or on all surfaces of the sliding bearing element body 2, that is to say also on axial end faces 9 and / or on radial end faces 10.
    The sliding bearing element 1 forms together with at least one other sliding bearing element-depending on the structural design can also be present more than another sliding bearing element - a sliding bearing, as is well known. In this case, it is preferred that during operation of the sliding bearing higher loaded sliding bearing element is formed by the sliding bearing element 1 according to the invention. But there is also the possibility that at least one of the at least one further sliding bearing elements is formed by the sliding bearing element 1 according to the invention.
    The sliding bearing element 1 according to FIG. 1 is designed in the form of a flat shell. It is also possible that the sliding bearing element 1 is designed as a plain bearing bush. In this case, the sliding bearing element 1 is also the sliding bearing. There is also the possibility of another division, for example, a third division, so that the sliding bearing element 1 is combined with two other sliding bearing elements to form a sliding bearing, wherein at least one of the two other sliding bearing elements can also be formed by the sliding bearing element 1. In this case, the sliding bearing element does not cover an angular range of 180 ° but an angular range of 120 °.
    In particular, the sliding bearing element 1 is intended for use in the engine industry or in motors as described above.
    The support layer 3 is preferably made of a steel but may be made of other suitable materials, such as e.g. a bronze.
    The bearing metal layer 3a is preferably made of a copper-based alloy or an aluminum-based alloy as known in the art for these purposes. For example, the bearing metal layer 3a may be made of a copper-based alloy according to DIN ISO 4383, such as e.g. CuSnIO, CuAl10Fe5Ni5, CuZn31Si, CuPb24Sn2, CuSn8Bi10, CuSn4Zn.
    The at least one intermediate layer 6 consists of a material known from the prior art for this purpose.
    The at least one running layer 4 consists of at least one first tin-based alloy. The at least one further layer 5 consists of at least one wide ren tin-based alloy. Both the at least one first tin-based alloy and the at least one further tin-based alloy consist of a matrix of beta-tin grains and one or more elements from a group comprising or consisting of Cu, Ni, Ag, Sb, Pb, Bi, Te, TI. Furthermore, as an alternative to this, at least one element or, in addition, non-metallic particles may be contained in the at least one first tin-based alloy and / or the at least one further tin-based alloy. The nonmetallic particles are, in particular, inorganic particles, for example Al 2 O 3, Si 3 N 4, TiO 2, SiC, etc. The inorganic particles preferably have a maximum particle size between 0.05 μm and 5 μm, in particular between 0.1 μm and 2 μm.
    The maximum particle size is determined by means of laser diffraction according to the standard ISO 13320: 2009.
    FIG. 2 shows a roughness profile (left-hand part of the figure) and a support-share curve (right-hand part of the figure). It is intended to be explained in more detail the problem underlying the invention.
    As stated above, reinforced surface coatings are used in a highly loaded radial slide bearing. The usual finishings, such as fine boring or broaching, after the coating (s) of the substrate cause waviness of the surface in the radial or axial direction due to scoring. With a reinforced surface coating, this microwaveability leads to an extremely high local load at the start of operation. Due to the unevenness of the surface, the wave is mainly stored by the Riefenspitzen, mediated by an extremely thin under certain circumstances even tearing oil film.
    In the left part of Fig. 2, a roughness profile is shown as it results by fine boring, the profile record was taken in the axial direction.
    The waves result from the rotation of the fine boring spindle, a distance 11 between the shaft tips of e.g. 0.1-0.2 mm results from the feed per revolution.
    This ripple is superimposed on the actual, random roughness whose bandwidth is often only a fraction of the profile height - in this case about a quarter - as shown in Fig. 2 by the "jagged" profile of the ripple.
    Right in Fig. 2, the support share curve (Abbotkurve) is shown to the roughness profile shown on the left.
    Due to the small plastic deformation and the Verscheiß the top roughness peaks arises in this example, at the beginning of the inlet of the sliding bearing element, a carrying amount of only about 20%.
    The lubricant also transfers some of the forces to deeper profile areas, and this proportion is low, especially when using low-viscosity lubricating oils.
    So it is to be expected with a about 2 to 5 times higher local load on the surface. Due to the excellent wear resistance of the reinforced coating, the break-in phase, which contributes up to about 80% of the profile (and thus about 100% of the surface if the lubricant is taken into account), greatly delays the support of the shaft.
    The local stress, which is about 2 to 5 times higher, can also exceed the fatigue strength of reinforced layers and thus lead to early damage.
    Not only the small-scale deviations of the surface at a distance of approx. 0.1 mm can reduce the local bearing content, but also deviations in form of similar height at a distance of millimeters (eg at edges) or centimeters (in variations in wall thickness of the tread) can adversely affect the carrying percentage.
    In order to better control these problems of highly loaded sliding bearing elements, the sliding bearing element 1 according to the invention comprises a combination of the at least one running layer 4 and the at least one further layer 5, which is preferably arranged directly on the at least one running layer 4.
    It is shown in Fig. 3 is a detail of the sliding bearing element 1 of FIG. 1. As can be seen from this figure, the at least one further layer 5 imitates the waviness of the surface 7 of the at least one further overlay 4.
    In this case, the at least one running layer 4 consists of the at least one first tin-base alloy, wherein the at least one first tin-base alloy has a strength index F1 of at least 5 and at most 25, in particular at least 10 and at most 25. The at least one further layer 5 consists of the at least one further tin-base alloy, but this tin-base alloy has only a strength index F1 of at least 0.3 and at most 3, in particular at least 0.3 and at most 1.5.
    As a result of this combination of the two layers, it is achieved that wear of the at least one further layer 5 of a few micrometers leads to a marked improvement in the bearing component and thus to a significant reduction in local overloading.
    The strength index Fl is defined by the equation
    wherein C is at least one of the elements Cu, Ni, Ag, S for Sb and / or non-metallic particles, B for at least one of the elements Pb, Bi, Te, TI, and ω for the sum of each of the letters C, S and B. assigned components of tin-based alloys mean.
    Under a strength index of 0.3 of the further layer 5, no significant improvement in the tribological behavior of the plain bearing element 1 could be observed in comparison with those with pure tin layers. The reason for this is probably that although pure technical grade has naturally contamination. Today, tin is usually available in a purity of> 99.95%. Individual impurities due to lead, antimony and bismuth (the three main impurity elements) in the range of approx. 0.005 - 0.01% are standard. When galvanic manufacturing processes are used, the elements antimony and bismuth are generally further reduced, since they dissolve only slightly from the anode into the electrolyte. Thus, the deposited tin, which is used for example for the so-called tin flash, has an even lower content. " Impurities ". A strength index of at least 0.3 can not be achieved with pure tin with the usual impurities.
    Tin alloys without doping with lead, antimony or bismuth are not sufficiently protected against allotropic conversion in cool storage. The time until the beginning of the conversion and the conversion rate can already be sufficiently delayed by a sum fraction of lead, bismuth and antimony of 0.04%.
    With a strength index of the further layer 5 of more than 3, the adaptability of the further layer 5 is reduced by the then already increased strength.
    It is also possible that between the at least one running layer 4 and the at least one further layer 5, a transition region is formed. For this reason, in the present description, the terms "at least one running layer 4" or "at least one further layer 5" are used, since thus the running layer 4 and / or the further layer 5 can be regarded as having a multilayer structure.
    The transition region between the overlay 4 and the further layer 5 may have a strength index Fl of at least 3 and at most 5.
    It is thus also possible to form the layer system of running layer 4 and further layer 5 as a gradient layer with respect to the course of the strength index in the radial direction.
    Preferably, the transition region has a layer thickness which is not greater than the layer thickness 15 of the further layer 5. The above
    Values for the layer thickness 15 of the further layer 5 therefore also apply to the transition region.
    The running layer 4 preferably also contains a sum fraction of lead, bismuth and antimony of at least 0.04%.
    With a strength index Fl of the overlay 4 of less than 5, this has a wear resistance which does not correspond to the desired property profile of the plain bearing element 1. On the other hand, their adaptability and dirt embedding capacity (also when worn) significantly decreases with a strength index of more than 25.
    The at least one further layer 5 is preferably electrodeposited. The at least one running layer 4 is preferably deposited galvanically. Since the electrodeposition is known per se, reference is made to the relevant prior art, for example to the applicant's origin AT 509 111 B1 or AT 509 867 B1, which is within the scope of the conditions of the electrodeposition of the tin-based alloy (s) physical description belongs.
    Preferably, after the deposition of the at least one further layer 5, no finishing of the sliding bearing element 1 takes place, for example by fine boring, or this finishing is no longer necessary.
    If the at least one further layer 5 is also to be deposited on the slide bearing element back 8 or on the other surfaces of the sliding bearing element 1, in particular in the form of a thin, optically attractive tin flash which protects against rust formation, this can be achieved by depositing the at least one further layer 5 are combined on the radially inner side of the sliding bearing element 1. The layer thickness can be reduced on Gleitlagerelementrücken 8 by the current intensity and / or coating time is chosen correspondingly different radially inward and radially outward.
    The non-metallic particles may be added to the respective plating bath as such and co-deposited with the tin.
    The respective strength indices of the at least one running layer 4 and the at least one further layer 5 are set via the compositions of the respective layers. In general, these layers may have the proportions of the individual constituents given in the following Table 1, the remainder to 100% by weight in each case forming the tin. All figures for proportions in Table 1, as well as in general throughout the description (unless expressly described otherwise), in wt .-% to understand.
    Table 1: Quantities of tin-based alloys
    These details of the composition are understood to mean that the tin-base alloys of the overlay 4 and the further layer 5 contain at least one of these alloying elements in Table 1, since otherwise the desired strength indices of these layers are not reached. Thus, pure tin for the overlay 4 and pure tin for the further layer 5 are excluded.
    According to preferred embodiments of the sliding bearing element 1, it can be provided that the tin-based alloy of the at least one running layer 4 contains between 2% by weight and 12% by weight of antimony and / or between 2% by weight and 12% by weight of copper, and or that the tin-based alloy of the at least one further layer 5 between 0 wt .-% and 0.5 wt .-% copper or between 0 wt .-% and 0.5 wt .-% antimony or between 0 wt .-% and 0.5 wt .-% copper and antimony, and between 0.01 and 10 wt .-% bismuth or between 0.01 and 2 wt .-% lead or between 0.01 and 10 wt .-% bismuth and lead ,
    According to a further preferred embodiment of the sliding bearing element 1, it can be provided that the tin-base alloy of the at least one running layer 4 and / or the at least one further layer 5 contains a sum of the alloying elements mentioned in Table 1, in particular the elements
    Tin, antimony and bismuth, of at least 0.04 wt .-%, in particular at least 0.3 wt .-%, contains or contain, wherein the upper limit of the proportion of these elements in these and these layers by the above information is defined.
    In the following tables, some comparative examples and embodiments of sliding bearing elements 1 are shown according to the invention.
    Various variants of the further layer 5 were applied to plain bearing half-shells (width 25 mm, diameter 80 mm) and subjected to a dynamic plain bearing test. The plain bearing shells used had an unfavorable surface condition (Ra = 0.7 pm, Rq = 0.8 pm, Rz = 2.8 pm, Rt = 3 pm).
    Two tests each were performed, one with test without tilting the tread (variant 1), the second test with tilting of the tread by 0.5 pm / mm (variant 2). This second test exerts extreme stress on one edge, such as in non-ideally aligned holes or e.g. kinked connecting rod occur. The first test was evaluated for wear and microscopic findings, the second test for visual and microscopic assessment. The individual ratings were combined for each attempt to a total score of 0-5 (0 = very bad, 5 = very good)
    For better comparability, the layer structure of the sliding bearing element 1, including the running layer 4, was kept constant and only the further layer 5 was varied.
    Unless stated otherwise, the thickness of the coating was also kept constant at 20 μm and comprises the thickness of the overlay 4 and, in the case of the examples according to the invention, the further layer 5.
    In the column Composition, the numbers after the elements indicate their percentage mass fraction (e.g., SnTel means tin with 1 wt% tellurium). The abbreviation Fl stands for strength index. In the left column in the tables for the structure, the number 5 for the further layer 5 and the number 4 for the running layer 4. In the result tables are in the left column, the number 1 for the
    Variant 1 and the number 2 for variant 2. This nomenclature applies to tables for examples throughout the description.
    Comparative Example 1
    construction
    Results
    It turned out that the further layer 5 was too thin and the running layer 4 was too soft.
    Comparative Example 2 Construction
    Results
    It turned out that the further layer 5 was too soft.
    Comparative Example 3 Construction
    Results
    Comparative Example 4
    construction
    Results
    In this layer structure, the overlay 4 is too soft.
    Comparative Example 5 Construction
    Results
    The further layer 5 is too thin.
    Comparative Example 6 Construction
    Results
    The further layer 5 is too thin and too soft.
    Comparative Example 7 Construction
    Results
    The further layer 5 is too soft.
    Comparative Example 8 Construction
    Results
    The further layer 5 is too thin.
    Comparative Example 9 (similar to GB 2 375 801 A, page 9, examples 3 and 4) Construction
    Results
    The further layer 5 is too thick.
    Inventive Example 1
    construction
    Results
    It was achieved in comparison with Comparative Example 2, an improvement in the carrying capacity of the sliding bearing element 1.
    Inventive Example 2 Construction
    Results
    Also in this example shows an improvement in the carrying capacity of the sliding bearing element 1 in comparison with Comparative Example 3.
    Inventive Example 3
    construction
    Results
    Compared with Comparative Example 4, this shows an improvement with respect to both test variants.
    Inventive Example 4 Construction
    Results
    Compared with Comparative Example 6, this shows an improvement in terms of the load bearing capacity of the slide bearing element 1.
    Inventive Example 5 Construction
    Results
    In comparison with Comparative Example 7, an improvement in terms of fatigue fractions was achieved.
    Inventive Example 6 Construction
    Results
    Compared with Comparative Example 8, although the wear in the direction normal to the sliding surface is greater, however, an improvement was achieved with respect to the test variant 2.
    Inventive Example 7
    construction
    Results
    Compared to Comparative Example 9, there was an improvement in both non-tilted and tilted storage.
    Inventive Example 8 Construction
    Results
    As can be seen from the results, this embodiment is very well suited for non-tilted bearings.
    Inventive Example 9 Construction
    Results
    High Sb
    The results are similar to Example 9 above, but here an improvement has been achieved in terms of tilted bearings.
    Inventive Example 10
    construction
    Results
    This plain bearing element 1 shows a similar carrying capacity as Example 10.
    Inventive Example 11 Construction
    Results
    Due to the very high thickness of the further layer 5 relative to the running layer 4, the wear increased with respect to a load normal to the sliding surface.
    Inventive Example 12 Construction
    Results
    This construction according to Example 12 shows good results with respect to both test variants, so that it can be used both in non-tilted and in tilted bearings.
    Inventive Example 13 Construction
    Results
    Furthermore, two tests were also carried out with a directly coated blind hole of a connecting rod eye, whereby in both cases the finished bore bore diameter was the same as in the test bearings but with a significantly higher layer thickness of 40 μm.
    In these tests, the coatings were applied directly to the steel provided with a thin, adhesion-promoting intermediate layer.
    Comparative Example 10 Construction
    Results
    Inventive Example 14 Construction
    Results
    Comparative Example 11 Construction
    Results
    Inventive Example 15 Construction
    Results
    As already mentioned, the running layer 4 can be composed of several partial layers of different composition. It is thereby possible that the strength index of these partial layers in the direction of the Gleitlagerelementrücken 8 is larger. The same applies to the at least one further layer 5. Compositions of the individual partial layers can be selected according to the examples given in Table 2, or generally from the values given in Table 1 for the proportions of the individual constituents of the tin-based alloys.
    By way of example, the production of a running layer 4 and a further layer 5 of a plurality of partial layers will be described below. With regard to the possible additions to the reproduced electrolytes, reference is made to AT 509 112 B1, to which reference is explicitly made in this regard.
    Inventive Example 16
    Electrolyte for depositing the overlay 4:
    Sn .... 50 g / L (as tin (II) tetrafluoroborate)
    Sb .... 7 g / L (as antimony trifluoride)
    Cu ... 7 g / L (as copper tetrafluoroborate)
    Bath temperature 40 ° C
    Electrolyte for the deposition of the further layer 5
    Sn .... 40 g / L (as tin (II) tetrafluoroborate)
    Sb .... 0.5 g / L (as antimony trifluoride)
    Cu ... 0.2 g / L (as copper tetrafluoroborate)
    Bath temperature 25 ° C
    Inventive Example 17
    Electrolyte for depositing the running layer 4
    Sn .... 50 g / L (as tin (II) methanesulfonate)
    Cu ... 7 g / L (as copper tetrafluoroborate)
    Bi .... 5 g / L (as bismuth methanesulfonate)
    Temperature 40 ° C
    Electrolyte for the deposition of the further layer 5
    Sn .... 20 g / L (as tin (II) methanesulfonate)
    Bi____1 g / L (as bismuth methanesulfonate)
    Cu ... 0.5 g / L (as copper tetrafluoroborate)
    Bath temperature 40 ° C
    In the following, further embodiments of the sliding bearing element 1 will be described.
    As can be seen from FIG. 4, the further layer 5 can consist of only one grain layer 12 of beta tin grains 13. In this case, intermetallic phases 14 of or with the other constituents of the tin-base alloy of the further layer 5 or the non-metallic particles between these beta-tin grains 13 may be incorporated at their grain boundaries. As can be seen from FIG. 4, owing to the different grain size of the beta tin grains 13 of the overlay 4, an uneven overlay surface results at the interface with the further layer 5, the beta tin grains 13 of the further layer 5 being applied directly to the beta tin grains 13 of the overlay 4 are grown. It can thus be achieved a kind of toothing effect, which causes a higher bond strength of the further layer 5 on the overlay 4.
    Preferably, the beta-tin grains 13 in the at least one further layer 5 for the above-mentioned reasons, a mean grain size zwi-schenlO% and 90% of a layer thickness 15 (Figure 3) of the at least one further layer 5 have.
    The mean grain size is determined by laser diffraction as described above.
    It is further preferred if the preferred orientation of the beta-tin grains 13 in at least two adjoining layers of the at least one running layer 4 and / or the at least one further layer 5 is the same. Insbesonde re have the beta-tin grains 13 of the overlay 4 and arranged thereon and connected to this further layer 5 on the same preferred orientation. It is particularly preferred if the X-ray diffraction intensity of the further layer 5 having the highest orientation index is also the X-ray diffraction intensity with the highest orientation index of the overlay 4 or one of the three X-ray diffraction intensities of the overlay 4 having the highest orientation indices, or if in particular the X-ray diffraction intensities are also and / or third highest index of orientation of the further layer 5 is or are the X-ray diffraction intensities with the second and / or third highest orientation index of the overlay 4. X-ray diffraction intensities with an index of less than 1.5, in particular less than 2, are neglected as being too less aligned.
    Preferably, the beta-tin grains 13 are oriented to {220} and / or {321} (Miller indices).
    For a quantitative description of the preferred orientation, the orientation index M {hkl} is used according to the following formula:
    where l {hkl} represent the XRD intensities (X-ray diffraction intensities) for the {hkl} planes of the overlay and l ° {hkl} the XRD intensities of the completely unoriented tin powder sample (ICDD PDF 00-004-0673).
    The sum of the diffraction intensities Zl {hkl} or Zl ° {hkl} must take place over the entire range, for example including all intensities of the reflections from {200} to {431}, which, when using CuKa radiation, reflects all reflections with a diffraction angle 2Θ between 30 ° and 90 ° corresponds.
    In the following table, the X-ray diffraction intensities (lines 3 to 5) and the associated orientation indices (lines 6 to 8) of a SnCu10Sb5 overlay 4 with a proportion of further alloying elements of less than 0.005 wt.% And a strength index F1 of 12.5 (FIG. Abbreviation QZ2), one
    SnCu10Sb5 running layer 4 with a proportion of further alloying elements of less than 0.005 wt .-% and a strength index Fl of 12.5 with a SnCul Bi0.02 alloy arranged thereon as another layer 5, which has a proportion of further alloying elements of less than 0.005 wt % and a strength index F1 of 1.3 (abbreviation QZ4) and a SnCu6Pb1 overlay according to the prior art (abbreviation ref. 1). The abbreviation Sn-Ref. stands for completely unoriented tin powder (ICDD PDF 00-004-0673).
    Table: X-ray diffraction intensities and orientation indices
    For the test results shown below, the orientation of QZ02 with orientation a, the orientation of QZ04 with orientation b, and the orientation of Ref. 1 with orientation c are indicated.
    Inventive Example 18 Construction
    Results
    Comparative example
    construction
    Results
    In this case, the beta-tin grains 13, as shown in Fig. 4, have an elongated habit and the beta-tin grains 13 with its longitudinal axis in the direction normal to the radially inner surface 17 (Figure 1) of the sliding bearing element 1 oriented. In particular, it is advantageous if these elongate beta-tin grains 13 have an at least approximately square cross-section (viewed in the direction parallel to the running surface of the further layer 5), since thereby the areal extent of the grain boundaries can be reduced. It can thus the bearing capacity of the sliding bearing element 1 can be improved.
    For the same reasons, it may also be advantageous if the beta-tin grains 13 have an at least approximately cubic shape.
    It was found in the course of tests on different additional layers 5 that occur at a particle size of the beta-tin grains 13 of less than 0.2 μιτι the very high internal stresses in the further layer 5. With a grain size of more than 10 .mu.m, a surface is formed which prevents the uniform maintenance of the lubricating oil and thus the preferred design of the lubricating gap.
    According to a further embodiment variant of the sliding bearing element 1, it can be provided that the mean grain size, in particular the grain size, of the Be-ta-tin grains 13 in the at least one further layer 4 is greater than the average grain size, in particular the grain size, of the beta tin grains 13 in the overlay 4. This can be achieved, for example, by changing the deposition parameters during the electrodeposition, for example by increasing the bath temperature and / or reducing the deposition rate and / or the tin concentration in the galvanic bath. A subsequent temperature treatment of the sliding bearing element 1 can be made for this purpose.
    Preferably, the beta-tin grains 13 of the at least one further layer 5 are grown directly on the beta-tin grains 13 of the overlay 5.
    It is further preferred if the at least one further layer 5, at least in the region of the radially inner surface 7 (FIG. 3) of the overlay 4, has a layer thickness 15 (FIG. 3) which is selected from a range of at least 5 * 10'6 of a bearing inner diameter 16 (FIG. 1) to 50 * 10'6 of a bearing inner diameter 16 (FIG. 1), wherein the layer thickness 15 of the at least one further layer 5 is at least 1.5 μm and at most 15 μm, preferably at least 2 μm and at most 10 μηη, in particular at least 2.5 μιτι and at most 7.5 μη, or at least 2 μη and at most 6 μη, is.
    The radially inner further layer 5 may have a layer thickness 15 which is between 10% and 50%, in particular between 15% and 30%, of the total layer thickness formed from the layer thickness of the overlay 4 and the further layer 5.
    It is further preferred if the layer thickness of the overlay 4 is greater than the layer thickness of the further layer 5, in particular greater than three times the layer thickness of the further layer 5.
    The bearing inner diameter 16 is the diameter of the sliding bearing element 1 at its radially innermost surface, as shown in FIG. 1 can be seen. The waviness of the surface is taken into account by measuring at half the height of the waves.
    As can be seen from the test results for the inventive examples presented above, the above-described effect of the at least one further layer 5 is relatively weak at a layer thickness of less than 1.5 μιτι, so that the supporting portion of the sliding bearing element 1 are not increased to the desired extent can. Thus, local overloading of the sliding surface may possibly be insufficiently avoided. On the other hand, in the case of a layer thickness 15 of the further layer 5 of more than 15 μm, this further layer 5 is so thick that the running-in phase is lengthened again since more time is required for the partial abrasion of the further layer 5. In addition, at a layer thickness 15 of more than 15 μm, the underlying higher-strength running layer 4 of the at least one further layer 5 can only offer insufficient support.
    To better take into account the surface topography of the at least one running layer 4, it may be provided that the layer thickness 15 of the at least one further layer 5 in the region of a radially inner surface 17 (FIG. 1) is greater than twice the arithmetic mean spatial value Ra DIN EN ISO 4287: 2010 this surface 17 and / or that the layer thickness 15 of the at least one further layer 5 in the region of the radially inner surface 17 is smaller than twice the average surface roughness Rz DIN EN ISO 4287: 2010 of this surface 17.
    According to another embodiment, it may be provided that the layer thickness 15 (FIG. 3) of the at least one further layer 5 is 0.3 times to 5 times, in particular 1 times to 2 times, as large as an average height 18 of the dominant waviness profile WDcoder Surface 17 (Figure 1) of this layer 5 measured normal to the machining direction according to the preceding VDA 2007.
    In order to investigate the interaction of the surface roughness with the thickness of the at least one further layer 5, tests were carried out as described above (variant 1 without skewing). The bearing shells had roughnesses in the range of Ra 0.3 - 0.7 pm and Rz 2 - 5. In addition, two-thirds of the bearing shells detected a dominant waviness with WDc 0.5 - 2.5 pm.
    The bearing shells were coated in accordance with Example 11 according to the invention, the layer thickness 15 of the at least one further layer 5 being varied between 0.1 and 12 μm.
    FIGS. 5 to 7 show the result of the tests as a function of the ratio of the layer thickness 15 of the at least one further layer 5 of SnCu1SbO, 5 to the respective roughness parameter. On the ordinates, the test results according to the preceding variant 1 are plotted. The abscissa shows the ratio of the layer thickness 15 of the further layer 5 to Rz (FIG. 5) or Ra (FIG. 6) or Wdc (FIG. 7). The overlay 4 consisted of SnCu7Sb7BiPb for these tests.
    It can clearly be seen from these FIGS. 5 to 7 that it is advantageous if the layer thickness 15 is less than twice Rz and / or greater than twice Ra and / or in the range between WDc = 0.5 to 5.
    Furthermore, it can be provided that a layer thickness 19 (FIG. 1) of the at least one further layer 5 on the sliding-element element back 8 is between 0.1 times and 0.5
    Times the layer thickness 15 of the at least one further layer 5 in the region of the radially inner surface 17.
    With back-layer thicknesses of 5 μm or more, the risk of shifts of the material during operation increases, which can lead to the deformation of the bore and deterioration of the spine.
    The range of 0.1-0.5 times the layer thickness 15 of the radially inner further layer 5 offers the advantage, in the case of a galvanic production process, that shortening of the coating time on the back and / or reduction of the (.. Current density a layer thickness 19 can be adjusted, which provides sufficient corrosion protection, but not yet increases the risk of material shifts.
    Too much reduction of the current density can for example lead to a strong change in the composition of the deposition and thus reduced corrosion protection effect.
    The embodiments show possible embodiments of the sliding bearing element 1, wherein it should be noted at this point that also various combinations of the individual embodiments are possible with each other.
    For the sake of the order, it should finally be pointed out that, for a better understanding of the construction of plain bearing element 1, this or its constituent parts have been shown partly unevenly and / or enlarged and / or reduced in size.
    REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1 sliding bearing element 2 sliding bearing element body 3 supporting layer 3a bearing metal layer 4 running layer 5 layer 6 intermediate layer 7 surface 8 slide bearing element back 9 end face 10 end face 11 distance 12 grain layer 13 beta tin grain 14 phase 15 layer thickness 16 bearing inner diameter 17 surface 18 height 19 layer thickness
    权利要求:
    Claims (14)
    [1]
    claims
    1. plain bearing element (1), in particular radial plain bearing element, comprising in this order a support element, in particular a support layer (3), at least one running layer (4), at least one further layer (5), and optionally at least one bearing metal layer (3a) between the support element and the at least one running layer (4), the at least one running layer (4) being formed from at least one first tin-base alloy and the at least one further layer (5) being formed from at least one further tin-based alloy, wherein the first tin-based alloy and the further tin-based alloy at least one Element from a group comprising Cu, Ni, Ag, Sb, As, Pb, Bi, Te, TI and / or non-metallic particles, and the at least one first and at least one further tin-based alloy containing beta-tin grains (13), characterized in that the at least one first tin-based alloy has a strength index F1 of at least 5 and at most 25 and d The strength index of the overlay (4) is at least five times the strength index of the at least one further layer (5) arranged directly on the overlay (4), wherein at least one further tin-base alloy has a strength index Fl of at least 0.3 and at most 3 the strength index Fl is defined by the equation FI = 100 * coC + 50 * coS + 2 * ^ / (100 * toB), where C is at least one of the elements Cu, Ni, Ag, S for Sb and / or non-metallic particles, B for at least one of the elements Pb, Bi, Te, TI, and ω for the sum of the proportions of each of the letters C, S and B associated components of the tin-base alloys.
    [2]
    2. plain bearing element (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one further layer (5) is arranged at least also on a Gleitlagerelementrücken (8).
    [3]
    3. sliding bearing element (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the at least one further layer (5) at least in the region of a radially inner surface (17) has a layer thickness (15) which is selected from a range of at least 5 * 10'6 of a bearing inner diameter (16) to 50 * 10'6 of a bearing inner diameter (16), wherein the layer thickness (15) of the at least one further layer (5) is at least 1.5 pm and at most 15 pm.
    [4]
    4. sliding bearing element (1) according to claim 3, characterized in that the layer thickness (17) of the at least one further layer (5) in the region of the radially inner surface (17) is greater than twice the arithmetic mean spatial Ra DIN EN ISO 4287: 2010 this surface (17).
    [5]
    5. sliding bearing element (1) according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the layer thickness (15) of the at least one further layer (5) in the region of the radially inner surface (17) is smaller than twice the average surface roughness Rz DIN EN ISO 4287 : 2010 of this surface (17).
    [6]
    6. sliding bearing element (1) according to one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that a layer thickness (19) of the at least one further layer (5) on Gleitlagerelementrücken (8) between 0.1 times and 0.5 times the layer thickness (15 ) of the at least one further layer (5) in the region of the radially inner surface (17).
    [7]
    7. sliding bearing element (1) according to one of claims 3 to 6, characterized in that the layer thickness (15) of the at least one further layer (5) is 0.3 times to 5 times, in particular 1 times to 2 times, as large as the mean height (18) of the dominant waviness profile WDc according to the measuring method according to VDA 2007.
    [8]
    8. sliding bearing element (1) according to one of claims 3 to 7, characterized in that the preferred orientation of the beta-tin grains (13) in at least two adjacent layers of at least one running layer (4) and / or the at least one further layer (5 ) or in the at least one running layer (4) and the adjacent thereto at least one further layer (5) is substantially equal.
    [9]
    9. plain bearing element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the Zinnbasislegierung the at least one running layer (4) between 0 wt .-% and 40 wt .-% antimony and / or between 0 wt .-% and 25 wt .-% copper.
    [10]
    10. plain bearing element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the tin-based alloy of at least one further layer (5) between 0 wt .-% and 3 wt .-% copper and / or antimony and between 0.01 and 10 wt .-% bismuth and / or lead.
    [11]
    11. plain bearing element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the at least one further layer (5) has only one grain layer of beta-tin grains (13).
    [12]
    12. plain bearing element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the beta-tin grains (13) in the at least one further layer (5) has an average grain size between 10% and 90% of the layer thickness (15) of at least have a further layer (5).
    [13]
    13. plain bearing element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the at least one further layer (5) is electrodeposited.
    [14]
    14. plain bearing element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the at least one further layer (5) directly on the at least one running layer (4) is arranged.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    AT516877B1|2016-12-15|
    CN107250581B|2019-03-08|
    US20180017107A1|2018-01-18|
    KR20170120142A|2017-10-30|
    CN107250581A|2017-10-13|
    EP3259484B1|2018-12-05|
    JP2018513908A|2018-05-31|
    WO2016131074A1|2016-08-25|
    JP6810049B2|2021-01-06|
    EP3259484A1|2017-12-27|
    BR112017014350B1|2021-01-26|
    BR112017014350A2|2018-03-27|
    US10030706B2|2018-07-24|
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ATA50128/2015A|AT516877B1|2015-02-19|2015-02-19|plain bearing element|ATA50128/2015A| AT516877B1|2015-02-19|2015-02-19|plain bearing element|
    US15/546,502| US10030706B2|2015-02-19|2016-02-19|Sliding bearing element|
    KR1020177026419A| KR20170120142A|2015-02-19|2016-02-19|Sliding bearing element|
    JP2017543778A| JP6810049B2|2015-02-19|2016-02-19|Plain bearing member|
    EP16709685.8A| EP3259484B1|2015-02-19|2016-02-19|Sliding bearing element|
    BR112017014350-0A| BR112017014350B1|2015-02-19|2016-02-19|sliding bearing element|
    PCT/AT2016/050033| WO2016131074A1|2015-02-19|2016-02-19|Sliding bearing element|
    CN201680009511.7A| CN107250581B|2015-02-19|2016-02-19|Sliding bearing element|
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